Confirmability Objectivity - the findings of the study could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study. It refers to the treatment of information that a participant has disclosed to the researcher in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be revealed to others in ways that violate the original consent agreement, unless permission is granted by the participant. Confidentiality - a research condition in which no one except the researcher(s) knows the identities of the participants in a study. Group members share a particular characteristic or a common experience. Cohort Analysis - group by group analytic treatment of individuals having a statistical factor in common to each group. The data is collected in a way that allows the data collector to group data according to certain characteristics. Cluster Analysis - a method of statistical analysis where data that share a common trait are grouped together. Classification - ordering of related phenomena into categories, groups, or systems according to characteristics or attributes. Claim - a statement, similar to a hypothesis, which is made in response to the research question and that is affirmed with evidence based on research. Chi-square Analysis - a common non-parametric statistical test which compares an expected proportion or ratio to an actual proportion or ratio. Central Tendency - any way of describing or characterizing typical, average, or common values in some distribution. Causality - the relation between cause and effect. It also establishes how much of a change is shown in the dependent variable. Causal Relationship - the relationship established that shows that an independent variable, and nothing else, causes a change in a dependent variable. Causal Hypothesis - a statement hypothesizing that the independent variable affects the dependent variable in some way. Case Study - the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including data derived from the subjects themselves. Bias means that the research findings will not be representative of, or generalizable to, a wider population. It can also occur at other stages in research, such as while interviewing, in the design of questions, or in the way data are analyzed and presented. It can appear in research via the sampling frame, random sampling, or non-response. Bias - a loss of balance and accuracy in the use of research methods. Benchmarking - systematically measuring and comparing the operations and outcomes of organizations, systems, processes, etc., against agreed upon "best-in-class" frames of reference. that are accepted as true on grounds which are not immediately susceptible to rigorous proof. Beliefs - ideas, doctrines, tenets, etc. Contemporary behaviorism also emphasizes the study of mental states such as feelings and fantasies to the extent that they can be directly observed and measured. Behaviorism - school of psychological thought concerned with the observable, tangible, objective facts of behavior, rather than with subjective phenomena such as thoughts, emotions, or impulses. 
Baseline - a control measurement carried out before an experimental treatment. 
Anonymity - a research condition in which no one, including the researcher, knows the identities of research participants.As a verb, it refers to total data from smaller units into a large unit. For instance, the population of a county is an aggregate of the populations of the cities, rural areas, etc. Aggregate - a total created from smaller units.Affective Measures - procedures or devices used to obtain quantified descriptions of an individual's feelings, emotional states, or dispositions.Accuracy - a term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target population and the sample.However, acculturation also implies that both cultures add something to one another, but still remain distinct groups unto themselves. Acculturation - refers to the process of adapting to another culture, particularly in reference to blending in with the majority population.
Also included are general words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to research in the social and behavioral sciences. This glossary is intended to assist you in understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences. Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea.
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